Population genetic structure of the Antarctic ascidian Aplidium falklandicum from Scotia Arc and South Shetland Islands

In sessile marine organisms, gene flow between populations depends mainly on free-living reproductive stages (such as larvae and gametes), and usually the strength of genetic structure is related to the time spent in the plankton and physical factors as oceanographic conditions. In Antarctica, abyssal depths that surround the continent and the Polar Front are considered strong barriers for benthic marine fauna, keeping the continent isolated from other shelves. The only available shallow water habitats between South America and the Antarctic continent are those around the Scotia Arc Islands; there are no shallow water habitats between the other southern continents and Antarctica. In this work, ISSRs-PCR markers were used to study the genetic structure of populations of Aplidium falklandicum, a compound ascidian with short-lived lecitotrophic larvae. A highly significant genetic differentiation (ΦST = 0.405; P < 0.05) and a pattern of isolation by distance were found. A genetic landscape approach identified a discontinuity in genetic diversity, coincident with the southernmost registered position of the Polar Front. For A. falklandicum, a species with presumably low capacity of long distance dispersal, the abyssal depths together with the large geographic distances create a barrier for gene flow.Fil: Demarchi, Maria Milagros. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biologica y Ecologica. Cat.de Ecologia Marina; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Físicas y Naturales. Cátedra de Genética de Poblaciones y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Chiappero, Marina Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Físicas y Naturales. Cátedra de Genética de Poblaciones y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Tatian, Marcos. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biologica y Ecologica. Cat.de Ecologia Marina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biologica y Ecologica. Cat.de Ecologia Marina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentin

Default versus configured-geostatistical modeling of suspended particulate matter in Potter Cove, West Antarctic Peninsula

The glacier retreat observed during the last decades at Potter Cove (PC) causes an increasing amount of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the water column, which has a high impact on sessile filter feeder? species at PC located at the West Antarctic Peninsula. SPM presents a highly-fluctuating dynamic pattern on a daily, monthly, seasonal, and interannual basis. Geostatistical interpolation techniques are widely used by default to generate reliable spatial information and thereby to improve the ecological understanding of environmental variables, which is often fundamental for guiding decision-makers and scientists. In this study, we compared the results of default and configured settings of three geostatistical algorithms (Simple Kriging, Ordinary Kriging, and Empirical Bayesian) and developed a performance index. In order to interpolate SPM data from the summer season 2010/2011 at PC, the best performance was obtained with Empirical Bayesian Kriging (standard mean = −0.001 and root mean square standardized = 0.995). It showed an excellent performance (performance index = 0.004), improving both evaluation parameters when radio and neighborhood were configured. About 69% of the models showed improved standard means when configured compared to the default settings following a here proposed guidelineFil: Neder, Camila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Abele, Doris. Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; AlemaniaFil: Pesch, Roland. Jade University of Applied Sciences; AlemaniaFil: Jerosch, Kerstin. Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Alemani

Spatial analysis of benthic functional biodiversity in san jorge gulf, Argentina

Anthropogenic pressures on coastal and marine ecosystems are increasing. Current development of spatiotemporal models will improve understanding of how changes to biodiversity distribution resulting from such pressures might affect ecosystem functioning. The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of benthic biodiversity in San Jorge Gulf (Argentina) to provide insight into the relationship between benthic habitats and biodiversity. First, we characterized the spatial heterogeneity of both sediment types and bottom water variables. Then, we described the ecosystem’s functional diversity considering trophic interactions and behavioral and morphological characteristics of benthic organisms, and we explored whether benthic environment variables can predict functional diversity distribution. Our results showed that the distribution of assemblages of epifauna functional groups in San Jorge Gulf is mainly related to oxygen availability in bottom water and organic matter in sediments. Habitat suitability maps enable us to predict this distribution, improving our knowledge of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in the gulf, and providing information for designing sustainable management and conservation strategies for ocean ecosystem services.Fil: Kaminsky, Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Varisco, Martin Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Mónica. No especifíca;Fil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Archambault, Philippe. No especifíca

Molecular responses of a key Antarctic species to sedimentation due to rapid climate change

Rapid regional warming causing glacial retreat and melting of ice caps in Antarctica leads benthic filter-feeders to be exposed to periods of food shortage and high respiratory impairment as a consequence of seasonal sediment discharge in the West Antarctic Peninsula coastal areas. The molecular physiological response and its fine-tuning allow species to survive acute environmental stress and are thus a prerequisite to longer-term adaptation to changing environments. Under experimental conditions, we analyzed here the metabolic response to changes in suspended sediment concentrations, through transcriptome sequencing and enzymatic measurements in a highly abundant Antarctic ascidian. We found that the mechanisms underlying short-term response to sedimentation in Cnemidocarpa verrucosa sp. A involved apoptosis, immune defense, and general metabolic depression. These mechanisms may be understood as an adaptive protection against sedimentation caused by glacial retreat. This process can strongly contribute to the structuring of future benthic filter-feeder communities in the face of climate change.Fil: Ruiz, Micaela Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Servetto, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Alurralde, Roque Gastón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Abele, Doris. Alfred-Wegener-Institut. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung; AlemaniaFil: Harms, Lars. Alfred-Wegener-Institut. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung; AlemaniaFil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Held, Christoph. Alfred-Wegener-Institut. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung; Alemani

The Food Web of Potter Cove (Antarctica): complexity, structure and function

Knowledge of the food web structure and complexity are central to better understand ecosystem functioning. A food-web approach includes both species and energy flows among them, providing a natural framework for characterizing species’ ecological roles and the mechanisms through which biodiversity influences ecosystem dynamics. Here we present for the first time a high-resolution food web for a marine ecosystem at Potter Cove (northern Antarctic Peninsula). Eleven food web properties were analyzed in order to document network complexity, structure and topology. We found a low linkage density (3.4), connectance (0.04) and omnivory percentage (45), as well as a short path length (1.8) and a low clustering coefficient (0.08). Furthermore, relating the structure of the food web to its dynamics, an exponential degree distribution (in- and out-links) was found. This suggests that the Potter Cove food web may be vulnerable if the most connected species became locally extinct. For two of the three more connected functional groups, competition overlap graphs imply high trophic interaction between demersal fish and niche specialization according to feeding strategies in amphipods. On the other hand, the prey overlap graph shows also that multiple energy pathways of carbon flux exist across benthic and pelagic habitats in the Potter Cove ecosystem. Although alternative food sources might add robustness to the web, network properties (low linkage density, connectance and omnivory) suggest fragility and potential trophic cascade effects.Fil: Marina, Tomas Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable; ArgentinaFil: Salinas, Vanesa Anabella. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cordone, Georgina Florencia. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Campana, Gabriela Laura. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable; Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Moreira, María Eugenia. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Deregibus, Dolores. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Torre, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Tatian, Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Barrera Oro, Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; ArgentinaFil: De Troch, Marleen. University College Ghent; BélgicaFil: Doyle, Santiago Raúl. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Quartino, Maria Liliana. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Saravia, Leonardo Ariel. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias; ArgentinaFil: Momo, Fernando Roberto. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable; Argentin

Sessile macro-epibiotic community of solitary ascidians, ecosystem engineers in soft substrates of Potter Cove, Antarctica

The muddy bottoms of inner Potter Cove, King George Island (Isla 25 de Mayo), South Shetlands, Antarctica, show a high density and richness of macrobenthic species, particularly ascidians. In other areas, ascidians have been reported to play the role of ecosystem engineers, as they support a significant number of epibionts, increasing benthic diversity. In this study, a total of 21 sessile macro-epibiotic taxa present on the ascidian species Corella antarctica Sluiter, 1905, Cnemidocarpa verrucosa (Lesson, 1830) and Molgula pedunculata Herdman, 1881 were identified, with Bryozoa being the most diverse. There were differences between the three ascidian species in terms of richness, percent cover and diversity of sessile macro-epibionts. The morphological characteristics of the tunic surface, the available area for colonization (and its relation with the age of the basibiont individuals) and the pH of the ascidian tunic seem to explain the observed differences. Recent environmental changes in the study area (increase of suspended particulate matter caused by glaciers retreat) have been related to observed shifts in the benthic community structure, negatively affecting the abundance and distribution of the studied ascidian species. Considering the diversity of sessile macro-epibionts found on these species, the impact of environmental shifts may be greater than that estimated so far.Fil: Rimondino, Clara. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Torre, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; ArgentinaFil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Tatian, Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentin

Reproductive biology of the ascidians Styela rustica and Halocynthia pyriformis from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Arctic

Ascidians are abundant and well-represented members of worldwide benthic communities, including Antarctica and the Arctic. These organisms exhibit different reproductive patterns usually related to a latitudinal gradient, as do many marine invertebrate species. Reproductive seasonality varies from one or two annual peaks in cold and temperate water species to continuous reproduction throughout the year in warm water species. Styela rustica (Linnaeus 1767) and Halocynthia pyriformis (Rathke 1806) are solitary species with external fertilization and a wide distribution range, from the North Atlantic to the Arctic. The reproductive patterns of these two species were assessed for Arctic populations by year-round sampling and structural analysis of the gonads. Both species are hermaphrodites and showed marked seasonality in oocyte maturity and spawning; S. rustica peaked during the boreal summer and H. pyriformis in late spring. The two species also showed marked differences in mature oocyte sizes: H. pyriformis almost doubled those of S. rustica and, while spermatocytes of H. pyriformis were mature year-round, the maturity of male and female gametes was synchronized in S. rustica. The species thus showed an annual reproductive cycle coupled with a higher production period in the ecosystem, but also exhibited different strategies developed under the same environmental pressuresFil: Ferrero, Luciana Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biologica y Ecologica. Cat.de Ecologia Marina; ArgentinaFil: Servetto, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Laudien, Jürgen. Alfred Wegener Institute; AlemaniaFil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentin

Bulk gut content and mantle glycogen content of antarctic ascidians from different stations inside Potter Cove

The gut content (dry mass and organic matter fraction) of three antarctic ascidians (Corella antarctica, Cnemidocarpa verrucosa, and Molgula pedunculata) under different sedimentation regimes were estimated together with mantel glycogen content. Samples were taken by scuba diving at 20 m depth at three different stations inside Potter Cove (South Shetlands, Antarctica): Inner Station (62º13'23.6''S; 58º38'41''W), Middle Station (62º13'54''S; 58º40'06''W), and Outer Station (62º14'10''S; 58º42'48''W) during austral February 2011.Fil: Torre, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Alurralde, Roque Gastón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Abele, Doris. Alfred Wegener Institute; AlemaniaFil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentin

Genetic variability and differentiation among polymorphic populations of the genusSynoicum(Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from the South Shetland Islands

In Antarctica, ascidians are among the most conspicuous and abundant organisms in benthic ecosystems and many species present wide distribution patterns. Two similar forms of ascidians of the colonial genus Synoicum were sampled along the South Shetland Islands, one greenish-yellow with elongated colony stalks and the other yellow-orange with shorter stalks and more rounded colony bodies. The taxonomic analyses indicated that the greenish-yellow form corresponded to the description of the species S. ostentor and the yellow-orange form to that of S. adareanum. However, molecular analyses using the cytochrome oxidase I gene did not detect clear differences between both forms. The frequency and geographic distribution of haplotypes indicate that some degree of gene flow may be occurring, strongly suggesting that both morphotypes did not achieve a complete reproductive isolation yet, that they can still interbreed and should therefore be considered as a single species. Surprisingly, these results are not in line with recent studies of Antarctic fauna using a similar approach, which revealed several cases of morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct species.Fil: Wiernes, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biologica y Ecologica. Cat.de Ecologia Marina; ArgentinaFil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biologica y Ecologica. Cat.de Ecologia Marina; ArgentinaFil: Tatian, Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biologica y Ecologica. Cat.de Ecologia Marina; ArgentinaFil: Chiappero, Marina Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Catedra de Genetica de Poblaciones y Evolucion; Argentin

Antarctic ascidians under increasing sedimentation: Physiological thresholds and ecosystem hysteresis

Glacier melting sediment inputs affect coastal ecosystems on the Antarctic Peninsula. In Potter Cove (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica), the shift from an “ascidian dominated” to a “mixed” assemblage has been linked to sedimentation. However, in recently described newly ice-free areas ascidians became dominant in spite of total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) concentrations, which are the highest measured in Potter Cove. Here, we compared the gut content and energy reserve of three ascidian species at three stations under different TSPM regimes. All analysed species had a higher gut content with lower %OM at these newly areas. A theoretical relationship between the scope for growth for the targeted ascidians and TSPM explained assemblages’ recorded change but failed to explain current ascidians distribution. The results may indicate the existence of a TSPM threshold that allows the spatial coexistence of alternative stable states at benthic Potter Cove system.Fil: Torre, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Alurralde, Roque Gastón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Lagger, Cristian Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Abele, D.. Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; AlemaniaFil: Schloss, Irene Ruth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Sahade, Ricardo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentin